Body Fat Explained

What is body fat?

Body fat is stored energy. It helps us survive in times of food scarcity, as well as housing essential immune and nerve cells throughout the body.

It comes in a few varieties, such as brown, white, pink and beige. They vary by their location, structure and main function. The most common variety is white, which is used for fat storage around the typical areas such as the hips, belly and thighs. 

When storing fat, it can be placed under the skin, known as subcutaneous fat, or around the abdominal organs, known as visceral fat. While excess of both is known to be bad for health, visceral fat is known to be the worst.

When looking at how much body fat you have, it's useful to measure it as a percentage of your body weight. So for an 80kg man, being 10% body fat would mean you have 8kg of body fat stored across your body. A 60kg woman at 20% body fat would have 12kg of body fat stored. 

We all have a level of essential fat necessary to live. It helps vitamins absorb properly and to regulate hormones. For men it's around 5% body fat, while women need about 10%. Below these levels, those important bodily functions cannot happen properly. 

 

How do I gain and lose body fat?

Gaining body fat is caused by consuming more calories than you are burning throughout the day.

Calories burned is a combination of your resting energy expenditure (calories that you burn not moving) and your physical activity. 

Your immediate environment is the most important factor for most people. Availability of food, lack of physical activity and psychological or social problems have the greatest impact.

Genetics have been shown to have an effect on some people's ability to gain and lose body fat who have weight disorders, but for most can be overcome with structure and control. 

 

Body fat in New Zealand?

New Zealand has a bad rap for obesity. We rank high in the OECD for obesity compared to other countries, and our own Ministry of Health figures are just as bleak for both adults and children. 

  • Adult Obesity Statistics (BMI > 30)
    • The New Zealand Health Survey 2020/21 found that around 1 in 3 adults (aged 15 years and over) were classified as obese* (34.3%), up from 31.2% in 2019/20
  • Children
    • around 1 in 8 children (aged 2–14 years) were classified as obese (12.7%), up from 9.5% in 2019/20. Prior to this, the rate of obesity among children had been relatively stable
    • The prevalence of obesity among adults differed by ethnicity, with 71.3% of Pacific, 50.8% of Māori, 31.9% of European/Other and 18.5% of Asian adults obese.

 

What do different body fat percentages look like?

 

How do we measure body fat percentages?

  • BMI
    • The body fat index is a tool developed to easily assess your body composition using height and weight. It has been shown to help assess risk factors of conditions such as heart disease, but also has been shown to be inaccurate when factoring race, age and muscle mass.
  • DEXA
  • Tape Measure
    • Measuring tapes can be used to calculate body fat, with varying methods using different amounts and locations of measurements across the body. A common method is the US Navy Standard method, which takes measurements of the neck and waist circumference for men, along with an added hip measurement for women.
  • Body Impedance Machines
    • At home
      • Body fat measuring scales use bioelectric impedance to try and determine your body composition. Using electrical pads, a small electrical current is passed through your body to analyze the resistance it received. At home solutions have been shown to not be accurate when compared to a DEXA scan. Water consumption, body limb positioning and sweat can also affect results.
    • Gym
      • Gym quality bioelectrical impedance scanners have been shown to be more accurate than the home solutions. They use more electrical pads on the feet and hands, as well as a higher quality algorithm. They have been demonstrated to be reliably close to DEXA results.

 

When should I measure myself?

Measuring yourself when looking to change your body is important. Having a starting point allows you to make informed decisions on where you need to go without having to rely on just the image in the mirror. You also cannot see visceral fat, the worst for your health, in the mirror. Getting a gauge on that can help ensure you reduce your risk of metabolic syndrome as much as you can.

Once you have a healthy lifestyle and know your baseline visceral fat levels, measuring body fat becomes less relevant unless you change your lifestyle dramatically. 

 

How much does body fat testing cost?


BMI

Tape Measure

Body Impedance (Home Scales)

Body Impedance (Gym Machine)

DEXA

Cost

Free

$2

$35

$49

$99

Frequency

Infinite

Infinite

Infinite

Once

Once



Why should I care about body fat?

Body fat is essential for life. Having too little or too much can cause lasting health issues. This costs both the quality of life of the person and the country billions in excess medical costs. 

 

These health issues include things such as:

  • Diabetes (Type 2)
  • Heart Disease
  • Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
  • Certain Cancers

 

They account for some of the leading causes of death in New Zealand. Obesity has also been shown to dramatically reduce the quality of life you experience before death as well, with weight loss allowing for some of that quality of life to return. It appears it is never too late to make a difference in how long and how well you can live for.   

 

So what should I do?

Controlling your body fat reduces the chance of developing certain life threatening diseases. It allows for the years you do live to be of higher quality.

Making a change from being either underweight or overweight does require reasonable effort, however you can live a very happy and balanced life within a healthy range of body fat. If you feel that social or psychological problems are the issue holding you back, seeking advice from friends, family and professionals to start would be best.  

Using tools to track your calorie intake is easy and free with things such as My Fitness Pal.

For what to eat to live a healthy lifestyle, Harvard University provides plenty of useful resources for free. 


If you feel like a change is due, good luck on your journey. If you are within a healthy body fat range already, keep going! Look for new ways to eat and exercise that you love. And don't forget, it’s never too late to make a difference!

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